![]() ![]() The pre-Columbian population of the Americas is uncertain historian David Henige called it "the most unanswerable question in the world." By the end of the 20th century, scholarly consensus favored an estimate of roughly 55 million people, but numbers from various sources have ranged from 10 million to 100 million. Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century, maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent. New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth. England's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500. At the founding of the Ming dynasty in 1368, China's population was reported to be close to 60 million toward the end of the dynasty in 1644, it may have approached 150 million. From 200 to 400, the world population fell from an estimated 257 million to 206 million, with China suffering the greatest loss. In that year, the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households, decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146, towards the end of the Han dynasty. Starting in AD 2, the Han dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household. The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393, presumably from a combination of Mongol invasions, famine, and plague. From 1340 to 1400, the world's population fell from an estimated 443 million to 350–375 million, with the Indian subcontinent suffering the most tremendous loss and Europe suffering the Black Death pandemic it took 200 years for European population figures to recover. The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340. The Plague of Justinian caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between the 6th and 8th centuries AD. By contrast, it is estimated that around 50–60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD. Even earlier, genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC, according to the now largely discredited Toba catastrophe theory. Main articles: Classical demography and Medieval demographyĮstimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million. History Visual comparison of the world population in past and present The median age of human beings as of 2020 is 31 years. The total number of deaths is currently 57 million/year and is projected to grow steadily to 121 million/year by 2100. The total number of births globally is currently (2015–2020) 140 million/year, which is projected to peak during the period 2040–2045 at 141 million/year and then decline slowly to 126 million/year by 2100. Other demographers predict that the human population will begin to decline in the second half of the 21st century. The UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs projects between 9 and 10 billion people by 2050 and gives an 80% confidence interval of 10–12 billion by the end of the 21st century, with a growth rate by then of zero. The global population is still increasing, but there is significant uncertainty about its long-term trajectory due to changing fertility and mortality rates. The growth rate declined to 1.1% between 20 and is projected to decline further in the 21st century. The highest global population growth rates, with increases of over 1.8% per year, occurred between 19, peaking at 2.1% between 19. The human population has experienced continuous growth following the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the end of the Black Death in 1350, when it was nearly 370,000,000. ![]() It took around 300,000 years of human prehistory and history for the human population to reach one billion and only 222 years more to reach 8 billion. It was estimated by the United Nations to have exceeded eight billion in mid-November 2022. In world demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living. World population growth from 10,000 BCE to 2023 High, medium, and low projections of the future human world population ![]()
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